Indicative estimate: neither a quote nor an energy calculation. The calculation follows the form of the French regulatory calculation for the energy performance certificate, the 3CL-DPE 2021 method: consumption = demand × intermittency ÷ (generation × emission × distribution × control). The heating demand is that of the home: it does not change with the heating. The whole kWh gap between two heating systems lies in these five factors. For the distribution, control and intermittency of central heating, we took the most favourable values in the method. For boilers, the lower threshold of class A. For electric heating, NF-certified convectors (NF is a French quality mark); NF-certified radiant panels or radiators do slightly better, and the floor then uses about 9% more than they do. The method is French: we apply it as it stands to all four countries.
What each heating system delivers
| Heating | Generation | Emission | Distribution | Control | Intermittency | kWh bought per 100 kWh of demand |
| Carbosol electric underfloor heating | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.86 | 88 |
| NF-certified electric convectors | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 82 |
| Gas boiler, radiators | 0.90 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 106 |
| Oil boiler, radiators | 0.963 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 99 |
| Pellet boiler, radiators | 0.832 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 115 |
| Air-to-water heat pump, radiators | 2.90 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 33 |
Emission, distribution, control and intermittency: values in the method for a house of light or medium thermal inertia, with room-by-room control and a minimum temperature; for central heating, insulated pipework and thermostatic valves. Generation: a gas or oil boiler at the threshold of class A of the energy label, that is 90% on gross calorific value; a pellet boiler at the threshold of the energy savings sheet for 20 kW at most, that is 77%; a heat pump at 2.9, the average measured by ADEME on 90 air-to-water heat pumps fitted in houses in place of a boiler. Heating oil and pellets are billed on net calorific value: the table gives their efficiency on that basis. The method puts all electric underfloor heating on a single line, thin film or cable embedded in a screed. We count no saving linked to radiant heat: no independent measurement puts a figure on it.
Sources: Arrêté du 31 mars 2021, annexe 1 : méthode de calcul 3CL-DPE 2021, sections 8 et 12 · Règlement délégué (UE) n° 811/2013, annexe II : classes d'efficacité des chaudières · Fiche d'économies d'énergie BAR-TH-113, chaudière biomasse individuelle · Ministère de l'économie, « L'installation d'une pompe à chaleur coûte-t-elle plus cher qu'une chaudière à gaz ? », 20 mai 2026 · ADEME, « Mesure des performances de 100 PAC air/eau et eau/eau installées en maisons individuelles », octobre 2025
The heating demand
Area × 60, 100, 175 or 265 kWh per m² per year depending on the insulation, corrected for the climate: (18 °C − average winter temperature), relative to Metz (2.5 °C). These are the site's assumptions: no public body publishes a heating demand by energy class. We derived them from the energy certificates of houses registered by ADEME; actual consumption is generally lower than this standardised calculation. The demand does not change the gap as a percentage of kWh, but it changes the gap in euros: the more the home consumes, the more the price per kWh weighs. Give your metered consumption: the calculation then starts from your reading. The pre-filled winter temperature is also an assumption of the site, an order of magnitude by region.
The result is also compared with the manufacturer's eleven meter readings: 18 to 64 kWh per m² per year, ten out of eleven under 36; it sums them up as “15 to 50”.
Sources: IREWA, relevés de consommation sur onze bâtiments, 17 septembre 2026
Energy prices, in € per kWh
| Energy | France | Belgium | Luxembourg | Netherlands |
| Electricity | 0.2203 | 0.3303 | 0.1978 | 0.2530 |
| Gas | 0.1347 | 0.0846 | 0.0859 | 0.1622 |
|---|
| Heating oil | 0.1476 | 0.1081 | 0.1155 | — |
|---|
| Pellets | 0.0990 | — | — | — |
Electricity and gas: Eurostat, first half of 2026, households, all taxes included, band of 5,000 to 15,000 kWh a year for electricity and 20 to 200 gigajoules for gas. These average prices include the standing charge: the simulator adds none. In the Netherlands, the average price rises with consumption: the kWh added by heating probably costs more there than this average. Heating oil: average of the 52 weeks ending on 5 October 2026 in the European Commission's oil bulletin, that is €1.47 per litre in France, €1.08 in Belgium and €1.15 in Luxembourg, at 9.97 kWh per litre; official maximum prices in Belgium and Luxembourg; the price for the latest week is higher, €1.91 in France; the Netherlands does not report heating oil there. Pellets: France only, price used by the energy performance certificate, data from the end of 2023; they have fallen since, so this price puts them at a disadvantage. A dash: no official price used, the simulator asks you for yours.
Sources: Eurostat, prix de l'électricité pour les ménages (nrg_pc_204), 1er semestre 2026 · Règlement (UE) 2016/1952, annexes I et II : ce que ces prix comprennent · Eurostat, prix du gaz pour les ménages (nrg_pc_202), 1er semestre 2026 · Commission européenne, bulletin pétrolier hebdomadaire : moyenne des 52 semaines au 5 octobre 2026 · Arrêté du 15 septembre 2006, annexes 3 et 4 : contenu en énergie et en CO₂ des énergies · Arrêté du 31 mars 2021 relatif au diagnostic de performance énergétique, annexe 7 : prix des énergies
CO₂, in kg per kWh
| Energy | France | Belgium | Luxembourg | Netherlands |
| Electricity | 0.079 | 0.155 | 0.367 | 0.245 |
| Gas | 0.205 | 0.182 | 0.222 | 0.182 |
|---|
| Heating oil | 0.324 | 0.267 | 0.300 | — |
|---|
| Pellets | 0.030 | — | 0.040 | — |
France: factors from the energy performance certificate; for electricity, the one for heating use. Luxembourg: factors from the regulation on the energy performance of buildings. Belgium and the Netherlands: for electricity, the intensity of the country's generation in 2024 according to the European Environment Agency, which counts neither imports nor upstream emissions; for gas and heating oil, the combustion factors of the European regulation on emissions reporting. In Belgium, we did not take the factor of the Walloon certificates, 0.644 kg per kWh, far above current generation: with it, the floor emits more than gas. These bases are not the same: compare the two columns of one country, not two countries with each other. A dash: no factor used, in which case the simulator shows no CO₂.
Sources: Arrêté du 15 septembre 2006, annexes 3 et 4 : contenu en énergie et en CO₂ des énergies · Agence européenne pour l'environnement, intensité en gaz à effet de serre de la production d'électricité, 2024 · Règlement grand-ducal du 9 juin 2021 (Luxembourg), annexe I, tableaux 58 et 59 · Règlement d'exécution (UE) 2018/2066, annexe VI, tableau 1 : facteurs d'émission des combustibles
Equipment and servicing
| Heating | Fitted price, 100 m² | Servicing per year | Service life used |
| Carbosol electric underfloor heating | 8,500 € assumption | 0 € | 20 years, the warranty |
|---|
| NF-certified electric convectors | 3,000 € assumption | 0 € | 16 years |
|---|
| Gas boiler, radiators | 5,362 € | 150 € assumption | 17 years |
|---|
| Oil boiler, radiators | 8,125 € | 260 € assumption | 17 years |
|---|
| Pellet boiler, radiators | 9,000 € assumption | 310 € assumption | 17 years |
|---|
| Air-to-water heat pump, radiators | 14,700 € | 200 € assumption | 17 years |
An amount marked “assumption” has no official source. Replace it with your contract or your quote under “Refine with my figures”. Gas and oil boilers: median price before tax, fitting included, from ADEME's 2017 and 2018 survey, plus 5.5% VAT; these prices are eight years old. Heat pump: average cost according to the Ministry for the Ecological Transition, which specifies neither the fitting nor the floor area; the same ADEME survey would give €12,800. These French amounts are used for all four countries. They are taken for 100 m² and follow the square root of the floor area, another assumption of the site; the price of the floor is proportional to the area. Service lives: those of the energy savings sheets; for gas and oil boilers, that of the former sheet, withdrawn in 2024. The heating in place is provisioned as if it had to be replaced in due course by an appliance of the same type, without interest, even if it is recent and even where the rule no longer allows a new one. Carbosol floor: €85 per m² fitted. That is our indicative price, not a published price; your quote prevails. It is spread per year over the 20 years of the warranty stated by the manufacturer, and nothing is counted beyond that.
Sources: IREWA, questions fréquentes : garantie de 20 ans · Fiche d'économies d'énergie BAR-TH-158, émetteur électrique à régulation électronique · ADEME, « Coûts des travaux de rénovation - Chauffage », enquête de 2017 et 2018 · Ancienne fiche d'économies d'énergie BAR-TH-106, chaudière individuelle à haute performance (arrêté du 20 octobre 2016, supprimée en 2024) · Fiche d'économies d'énergie BAR-TH-113, chaudière biomasse individuelle · Ministère de la transition écologique, « Pompes à chaleur », mise à jour du 30 juin 2026 · Fiche d'économies d'énergie BAR-TH-171, pompe à chaleur de type air/eau
What the simulator does not count
- Hot water: if your boiler or heat pump produces it, you will need a water heater, about €2,500 for a house in the manufacturer's example, and its electricity; yet the price and servicing of the boiler are counted here in full. The floor covering, which always has to be laid on top. The thermostat, the only part to be replaced one day. Your meter: a higher contracted capacity may be needed. The rule in your country on direct electric heating: it is recalled under the result.
- Excluding grants and subsidies: they change often and depend on your situation. MaPrimeRénov' in France, Mijn VerbouwPremie in Flanders, Klimabonus in Luxembourg and ISDE in the Netherlands fund a heat pump, not direct electric heating: if you qualify, deduct the grant from the price of the heat pump.
Sources read on 9 October 2026.